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                    Introduction
            
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                    PA0 - 世界诞生的前夜: 开发环境配置
            
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                    Installing a GNU/Linux VM
            
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                    Logging in via SSH
            
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                    Transferring Files between host and VM
            
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                    Acquiring Source Code for PAs
            
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                    熟悉i386手册
            
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                    混沌初开
            
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                    建立新秩序
            
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                                <h3 id="&#x6DF7;&#x6C8C;&#x521D;&#x5F00;">&#x6DF7;&#x6C8C;&#x521D;&#x5F00;</h3>
<p>&#x6545;&#x4E8B;&#x8FFD;&#x6EAF;&#x5230;IA-32&#x8BDE;&#x751F;&#x4E4B;&#x524D;, &#x5728;&#x90A3;&#x65F6;, 8086&#x66FE;&#x7ECF;&#x4E3B;&#x5BB0;&#x4E86;&#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x673A;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x5207;. &#x90A3;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;16&#x4F4D;&#x7684;&#x4E16;&#x754C;, &#x6240;&#x6709;&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;&#x90FD;&#x662F;16&#x4F4D;&#x7684;, &#x8C8C;&#x4F3C;&#x6700;&#x591A;&#x53EA;&#x80FD;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE; <code>2^16=64KB</code> &#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5B58;. &#x4F46;&#x4E8B;&#x5B9E;&#x5E76;&#x975E;&#x5982;&#x6B64;, 8086&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x5F15;&#x5165;&#x4E00;&#x7CFB;&#x5217;&#x7684;&#x6BB5;&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;(segment register)&#x6765;&#x5F00;&#x8F9F;&#x66F4;&#x5E7F;&#x9614;&#x7684;&#x4E16;&#x754C;:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>physical_address = (seg_reg &lt;&lt; 4) + offset</p>
</blockquote>
<p>&#x5176;&#x4E2D; <code>seg_reg</code> &#x4E3A;&#x67D0;&#x4E2A;&#x6BB5;&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;&#x7684;&#x503C;,  <code>offset</code> &#x4E3A;&#x5BFB;&#x5740;&#x7684;&#x504F;&#x79FB;&#x91CF;, &#x7531;&#x901A;&#x7528;&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x7ACB;&#x5373;&#x6570;&#x7ED9;&#x51FA;. &#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#x5F53;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x6BB5;&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;DS&#x7684;&#x503C;&#x4E3A; <code>0x8765</code> , AX&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;&#x7684;&#x503C;&#x4E3A; <code>0x1234</code> , &#x90A3;&#x4E48;&#x4E00;&#x6B21; <code>[DS:AX]</code> &#x7684;&#x5BFB;&#x5740;&#x5C06;&#x4F1A;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x7269;&#x7406;&#x5730;&#x5740;</p>
<blockquote>
<p>[DS:AX] = [0x8765:0x1234] = (0x8765 &lt;&lt; 4) + 0x1234 = 0x87650 + 0x1234 = 0x88884</p>
</blockquote>
<p>&#x8FD9;&#x6761;&#x89C4;&#x5219;&#x5C06;&#x6BCF;&#x4E00;&#x6B21;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x5BFB;&#x5740;&#x90FD;&#x548C;&#x67D0;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6BB5;&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;&#x7ED1;&#x5B9A;&#x8D77;&#x6765;, &#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x501F;&#x52A9;&#x6BB5;&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;&#x7684;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;, &#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x673A;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;1MB&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5B58;, &#x5F53;&#x7136;, 8086&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x6709;20&#x6839;&#x5730;&#x5740;&#x7EBF;. &#x540E;&#x6765;&#x4EBA;&#x4EEC;&#x628A;8086&#x7684;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x5BFB;&#x5740;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x6210;&#x4E3A;&#x5B9E;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;(real mode), &#x56E0;&#x4E3A;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x80FD;&#x591F;&#x611F;&#x77E5;&#x5230;&#x4E00;&#x6B21;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x7684;&#x771F;&#x5B9E;&#x7269;&#x7406;&#x5730;&#x5740;.</p>
<p>&#x7136;&#x800C;,  <code>seg_reg</code> &#x548C; <code>offset</code> &#x5E76;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x968F;&#x4FBF;&#x642D;&#x914D;&#x7684;, 8086&#x4E2D;&#x6709;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x6346;&#x7ED1;&#x7684;&#x7EA6;&#x5B9A;</p>
<ul>
<li>&#x53D6;&#x6307;&#x4EE4;&#x65F6;&#x603B;&#x662F;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;CS(code segment)&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;&#x548C;IP(instruction pointer)&#x7ED1;&#x5B9A;</li>
<li>&#x5927;&#x90E8;&#x5206;&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x90FD;&#x662F;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;DS(data segment)&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;, &#x4F8B;&#x5982; <code>mov %ax, (%bx)</code> , &#x7528;&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;&#x4F20;&#x8F93;&#x8BED;&#x8A00;(RTL)&#x6765;&#x63CF;&#x8FF0;&#x5C31;&#x662F;<pre><code>M[DS:BX] &lt;- R[AX]
</code></pre>&#x4F46;&#x4E5F;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x663E;&#x5F0F;&#x6307;&#x5B9A;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;ES(extra segment)</li>
<li>&#x4E0E;&#x5806;&#x6808;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x603B;&#x662F;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;SS(stack segment)&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;, &#x5305;&#x62EC;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; <code>push</code> &#x548C; <code>pop</code> &#x6307;&#x4EE4;, &#x6216;&#x8005;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;SP(stack pointer)&#x548C;BP(base pointer)&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x5BFB;&#x5740;</li>
<li>&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x6307;&#x4EE4;(&#x4F8B;&#x5982; <code>movsb</code> )&#x4F1A;&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;ES</li>
</ul>
<p>&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x7EA6;&#x5B9A;&#x4E00;&#x76F4;&#x6CBF;&#x7528;&#x81F3;&#x4ECA;.</p>
<p>&#x8FD9;&#x6837;, &#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x5C31;&#x88AB;&#x5206;&#x6210;65536&#x4E2A;&#x6709;&#x91CD;&#x53E0;&#x7684;, &#x5927;&#x5C0F;&#x4E3A;64KB&#x7684;&#x6BB5;, &#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6BB5;&#x7684;&#x57FA;&#x5730;&#x5740;&#x7531; <code>(seg_reg &lt;&lt; 4)</code> &#x7ED9;&#x51FA;. &#x5982;&#x679C;&#x8981;&#x6C42;&#x6BB5;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x76F8;&#x4E92;&#x91CD;&#x53E0;, &#x90A3;&#x5C31;&#x53EA;&#x6709;16&#x4E2A;&#x7B26;&#x5408;&#x8981;&#x6C42;&#x7684;&#x6BB5;. &#x4E0D;&#x8FC7;&#x8FD9;&#x5BF9;&#x521A;&#x521A;&#x7834;&#x58F3;&#x800C;&#x51FA;&#x7684;&#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x673A;&#x6280;&#x672F;&#x6765;&#x8BF4;, &#x5DF2;&#x7ECF;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5341;&#x5206;&#x4F1F;&#x5927;&#x7684;&#x8D21;&#x732E;&#x4E86;. &#x501F;&#x52A9;8086&#x7684;&#x5206;&#x6BB5;&#x673A;&#x5236;, &#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x673A;&#x5DF2;&#x7ECF;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x505A;&#x5F88;&#x591A;&#x4E8B;&#x60C5;, &#x4F60;&#x4E5F;&#x8BB8;&#x5F88;&#x96BE;&#x60F3;&#x8C61;&#x5F53;&#x5E74;&#x98CE;&#x9761;&#x5168;&#x7403;&#x7684;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-Man" target="_blank">&#x5403;&#x8C46;&#x5B50;</a>&#x6E38;&#x620F;&#x7ADF;&#x7136;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x5728;8086&#x4E2D;&#x8DD1;&#x8D77;&#x6765;.</p>
<p><div class="panel"><div class="box">&#x4E3A;&#x4EC0;&#x4E48;&#x8981;&#x91C7;&#x7528;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x6709;&#x91CD;&#x53E0;&#x7684;&#x5BFB;&#x5740;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;?</div><div class="word-in-panel"><p>&#x5728; <code>seg_reg</code> &#x548C; <code>offset</code> &#x7684;&#x642D;&#x914D;&#x4E0B;, &#x603B;&#x5171;&#x6709;32&#x4F4D;&#x7684;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;(&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;&#x5206;&#x522B;&#x662F;16&#x4F4D;), &#x800C;&#x8981;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;1MB&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x53EA;&#x9700;&#x8981;20&#x4F4D;&#x7684;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;&#x5C31;&#x8DB3;&#x591F;&#x4E86;, &#x6D6A;&#x8D39;&#x4E86;&#x5176;&#x4E2D;12&#x4F4D;&#x7684;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;&#x5BFC;&#x81F4;&#x4E86;&#x6BB5;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x91CD;&#x53E0;. &#x4E3A;&#x4EC0;&#x4E48;&#x4E0D;&#x5145;&#x5206;&#x5229;&#x7528;&#x8FD9;12&#x4F4D;&#x7684;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;? &#x6216;&#x8005;&#x8BF4;&#x8BA9;&#x6BB5;&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;&#x90FD;&#x53D8;&#x6210;4&#x4F4D;?</p>
<p>&#x8FD9;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;open problem, &#x5C1D;&#x8BD5;&#x4E00;&#x4E0B;&#x4F60;&#x4F1A;&#x63D0;&#x51FA;&#x4EC0;&#x4E48;&#x7406;&#x7531;&#x6765;&#x652F;&#x6301;8086&#x7684;&#x8BBE;&#x8BA1;. &#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4F60;&#x5BF9;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#x611F;&#x5174;&#x8DA3;, &#x4F60;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x5230;&#x4E92;&#x8054;&#x7F51;&#x4E0A;&#x641C;&#x7D22;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;.</p>
</div></div></p>
<p>&#x968F;&#x7740;&#x9700;&#x6C42;&#x7684;&#x589E;&#x957F;, &#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x8D8A;&#x6765;&#x8D8A;&#x591A;&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5B58;, &#x56FA;&#x5B9A;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6BB5;&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x5DF2;&#x7ECF;&#x53D8;&#x5F97;&#x4E0D;&#x53EF;&#x884C;&#x4E86;. &#x5E78;&#x597D;8086&#x5141;&#x8BB8;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x6539;&#x53D8;&#x6BB5;&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;&#x7684;&#x503C;, &#x4EE5;&#x8FBE;&#x5230;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x66F4;&#x591A;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x7684;. &#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#x4EE5;&#x524D;&#x7684;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5458;&#x5728;&#x7F16;&#x5199;&#x89C4;&#x6A21;&#x7A0D;&#x5927;&#x7684;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x65F6;, &#x7ECF;&#x5E38;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x5728;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x6BB5;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x6765;&#x56DE;&#x5207;&#x6362;. &#x867D;&#x7136;&#x9EBB;&#x70E6;, &#x4F46;&#x603B;&#x6BD4;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x597D;.</p>
<p>&#x7EC6;&#x5FC3;&#x7684;&#x4F60;&#x5E94;&#x8BE5;&#x4F1A;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;, 8086&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x6BB5;&#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;&#x4E0D;&#x52A0;&#x4FDD;&#x62A4;&#x7684;&#x505A;&#x6CD5;&#x6BEB;&#x65E0;&#x5B89;&#x5168;&#x53EF;&#x8A00;, &#x4F60;&#x751A;&#x81F3;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x8F7B;&#x800C;&#x6613;&#x4E3E;&#x5730;&#x7F16;&#x5199;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x7528;&#x6765;&#x6E05;&#x9664;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x4E0A;&#x9664;&#x4E86;&#x81EA;&#x8EAB;&#x4EE5;&#x5916;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x7684;&#x6076;&#x610F;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;. &#x7531;&#x4E8E;&#x5F53;&#x65F6;&#x7684;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x5458;&#x5927;&#x591A;&#x90FD;&#x5341;&#x5206;&#x7EAF;&#x6D01;, &#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#x6574;&#x4E2A;&#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x673A;&#x65F6;&#x4EE3;&#x4E5F;&#x5728;8086&#x4E0B;&#x5EA6;&#x8FC7;&#x4E86;&#x4E00;&#x6BB5;&#x5341;&#x5206;&#x548C;&#x8C10;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x5149;. &#x4F46;&#x5373;&#x4F7F;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x6076;&#x610F;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x7684;&#x56F0;&#x6270;, 1MB&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x5374;&#x5C06;&#x8981;&#x6210;&#x4E3A;&#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#x673A;&#x6027;&#x80FD;&#x7684;&#x74F6;&#x9888;. &#x5F53;&#x4F60;&#x542C;&#x5230;&#x4E86;&#x4EE5;&#x524D;&#x5E7F;&#x4E3A;&#x6D41;&#x4F20;&#x7684;&quot;640KB&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x5DF2;&#x7ECF;&#x8DB3;&#x591F;&quot;, &quot;4GB&#x5927;&#x5F97;&#x7B80;&#x76F4;&#x65E0;&#x6CD5;&#x60F3;&#x8C61;&quot;&#x8FD9;&#x7C7B;&#x8BF4;&#x6CD5;&#x65F6;, &#x96BE;&#x514D;&#x4F1A;&#x5475;&#x5475;&#x5730;&#x4ED8;&#x8BF8;&#x4E00;&#x7B11;. &#x4F60;&#x80FD;&#x60F3;&#x8C61;&#x4F60;&#x73B0;&#x5728;&#x76EF;&#x7740;&#x7684;&#x90A3;&#x53F0;&#x65E0;&#x6240;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x7684;&#x673A;&#x5668;, &#x5728;30&#x5E74;&#x524D;&#x7ADF;&#x7136;&#x8FDE;&#x4F60;&#x73B0;&#x5728;&#x7535;&#x8111;&#x4E0A;&#x7684;&#x90A3;&#x5F20;&#x684C;&#x9762;&#x5899;&#x7EB8;&#x90FD;&#x653E;&#x4E0D;&#x4E0B;&#x5417;?</p>
<p><div class="panel"><div class="box">NEMU&#x7684;&quot;&#x5B9E;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&quot;</div><div class="word-in-panel"><p>&#x76EE;&#x524D;NEMU&#x7684;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x548C;8086&#x7684;&#x5B9E;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x6709;&#x70B9;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;, &#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x5730;&#x5740;&#x90FD;&#x662F;&#x5B9E;&#x9645;&#x7684;&#x7269;&#x7406;&#x5730;&#x5740;, &#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x662F;, &#x5BC4;&#x5B58;&#x5668;&#x548C;&#x5730;&#x5740;&#x90FD;&#x662F;32&#x4F4D;&#x7684;, &#x800C;&#x4E14;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x5206;&#x6BB5;&#x673A;&#x5236;. &#x9700;&#x8981;&#x8BF4;&#x660E;&#x7684;&#x662F;, &#x8FD9;&#x5176;&#x5B9E;&#x662F;KISS&#x6CD5;&#x5219;&#x7684;&#x4EA7;&#x7269;, &#x53EA;&#x662F;&#x8BA9;&#x4F60;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x5728;PA2&#x4E2D;&#x5C06;&#x7CBE;&#x529B;&#x96C6;&#x4E2D;&#x5728;&#x6307;&#x4EE4;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x7684;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;, x86&#x4E2D;&#x5E76;&#x4E0D;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x8FD0;&#x884C;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;.</p>
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